Instructional design in youth volleyball: comparing global and elementary training methods on game performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2026.0406Keywords:
global method, elementary method, sports pedagogy, game performance, motor learningAbstract
Background and Study Aim. The development of sport performance in youth volleyball requires the coordinated acquisition of multiple skills. It involves technical, tactical, cognitive, and perceptual components within dynamic game situations. Despite the application of different training methods, their relative effectiveness in enhancing volleyball game performance remains of practical interest. This study aimed to examine the effects of global and elementary training methods on volleyball game performance from a motor learning perspective. Materials and Methods. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design was employed. It involved 30 athletes aged 13–15 years who were divided into two groups. The global method emphasized game-based learning, while the elementary method focused on isolated technical drills. Game performance was assessed using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). Data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA. Results. The results revealed a significant improvement over time, F(1, 28) = 2115.04, p < 0.001, η² = 0.987. A significant main effect of group was also found, F(1, 28) = 16.20, p < 0.001, η² = 0.367. Furthermore, a significant interaction effect was observed, F(1, 28) = 308.18, p < 0.001, η² = 0.917. This indicates that the global method led to greater performance improvements compared to the elementary method. Conclusions. The global method is more effective in enhancing volleyball game performance in youth athletes. It also better supports motor learning in game contexts.References
Schmidt RA, Lee TD, Winstein CJ, Wulf G, Zelaznik HN. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. Sixth edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2019.
Triggs AO, Causer J, McRobert AP, Andrew M. Perceptual-cognitive skills and talent development environments in soccer: a scoping review. PLOS One, 2025;20(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327721
Salles WDN, Collet C, Porath M, Milistetd M, Nascimento JVD. Fatores associados à eficácia no desempenho das ações técnico-táticas do voleibol [Factors associated to performance efficacy of technical-tactical actions in volleyball]. Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance. 2017;19(1): 74–83. (In Portuguese). https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n1p74
Lualhati JZD. Exploring Coaching Strategies, Techniques and Team Dynamics towards a Winning Volleyball Team. Community and Social Development Journal. 2025;26(3): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.57260/csdj.2025.275369
Castro J, Morgan K. Critical application of TGfU in sports coaching. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 2025; 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2024.2446780
Mesquita I, Farias C, De Martin Silva L, Afonso J, Coutinho P. How Can Learner-Oriented Scaffolding Strategies Be Implemented in Coach Education? A Case Study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2023;94(1): 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1961994
Cruz RRD. Enhancing Mini Volleyball Forearm Passing Performance with Small-Sided Games and Drill Practice. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies. 2024;5(1): 148–160. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0423
Al-Zubaidi DrARS, Ali LH. The effect of exercises according to a distinctive model in learning the skills of set and spiking in volleyball for students. International Journal of Sports, Health and Physical Education. 2024;6(1): 176–183. https://doi.org/10.33545/26647559.2024.v6.i1c.121
Rojas Ferrer CD, Shishido H, Kitahara I, Kameda Y. Read-the-game: System for skill-based visual exploratory activity assessment with a full body virtual reality soccer simulation. Capraro V (ed.) PLOS ONE. 2020;15(3): e0230042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230042
Ashford M, Abraham A, Poolton J. Understanding a Player’s Decision-Making Process in Team Sports: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Sports. 2021;9(5): 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9050065
Abad Robles MT, Collado-Mateo D, Fernández-Espínola C, Castillo Viera E, Giménez Fuentes-Guerra FJ. Effects of Teaching Games on Decision Making and Skill Execution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(2): 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020505
Ortiz M, Meroño L, Morales-Belando MT, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, González-Gálvez N. Teaching Games for Understanding in Game Performance and Psychosocial Variables: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trial. Children. 2023;10(3): 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030573
Breed R, Lindsay R, Kittel A, Spittle M. Content and Quality of Comparative Tactical Game-Centered Approaches in Physical Education: A Systematic Review. Review of Educational Research. 2025;95(2): 293–336. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543241227236
Abrahamson D, Mechsner F. Toward Synergizing Educational Research and Movement Sciences: a Dialogue on Learning as Developing Perception for Action. Educational Psychology Review. 2022;34(3): 1813–1842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-022-09668-3
Gentsch A, Weber A, Synofzik M, Vosgerau G, Schütz-Bosbach S. Towards a common framework of grounded action cognition: Relating motor control, perception and cognition. Cognition. 2016;146: 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.09.010
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Romero-Rodriguez D, Lloyd RS, Kushner A, Myer GD. Integrative Neuromuscular Training in Youth Athletes. Part II: Strategies to Prevent Injuries and Improve Performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2016;38(4): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000234
Xiao W, Bu T, Zhang J, Cai H, Zhu W, Bai X, et al. Effects of functional training on physical and technical performance among the athletic population: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2025;17(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-01040-y
Oslin JL, Mitchell SA, Griffin LL. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI): Development and Preliminary Validation. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 1998;17(2): 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.17.2.231
Cereda F. Addressing complexity in motor learning: Practical strategies for teachers and coaches. American Journal of Creative Education. 2024;7(1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.55284/ajce.v7i1.1022
Gianferrara PG, Betts S, Anderson JR. Cognitive & motor skill transfer across speeds: A video game study. Goldwater MB (ed.) PLOS ONE. 2021;16(10): e0258242. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258242
Levac DE, Huber ME, Sternad D. Learning and transfer of complex motor skills in virtual reality: a perspective review. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2019;16(1): 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-019-0587-8
Pratama CR, Yudanto Y. Instrumen Penilaian Hasil Belajar Berbasis Game Performance Assessment Instrumen (GPAI) [Game-Based Learning Outcomes Assessment Instrument Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI)]. Yogyakarta; 2022. (In Indonesian).
Wilkerson GB, Nabhan DC, Perry TS. A Novel Approach to Assessment of Perceptual-Motor Efficiency and Training-Induced Improvement in the Performance Capabilities of Elite Athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2021;3: 729729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.729729
Renshaw I, Davids K, Araújo D, Lucas A, Roberts WM, Newcombe DJ, et al. Evaluating Weaknesses of “Perceptual-Cognitive Training” and “Brain Training” Methods in Sport: An Ecological Dynamics Critique. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;9: 2468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02468
Renshaw I, Davids K, O’Sullivan M, Maloney MA, Crowther R, McCosker C. An ecological dynamics approach to motor learning in practice: Reframing the learning and performing relationship in high performance sport. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2022;2(1): 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.04.003
Zhu R, Zheng M, Liu S, Guo J, Cao C. Effects of Perceptual-Cognitive Training on Anticipation and Decision-Making Skills in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Behavioral Sciences. 2024;14(10): 919. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100919
Gkintoni E, Antonopoulou H, Sortwell A, Halkiopoulos C. Challenging Cognitive Load Theory: The Role of Educational Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence in Redefining Learning Efficacy. Brain Sciences. 2025;15(2): 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020203
Sweller J, Van Merriënboer JJG, Paas F. Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later. Educational Psychology Review. 2019;31(2): 261–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09465-5
Hou L, Chi HL, Tarng W, Chai J, Panuwatwanich K, Wang X. A framework of innovative learning for skill development in complex operational tasks. Automation in Construction. 2017;83: 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.07.001
Orangi BM, Ghorbanzadeh B, Basereh A. A new idea in skill acquisition of children: coordinating motor competence with motor learning strategies. BMC Pediatrics. 2025;25(1): 640. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-06019-3
Tenison C, Fincham JM, Anderson JR. Phases of learning: How skill acquisition impacts cognitive processing. Cognitive Psychology. 2016;87: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.03.001
All A, Nuñez Castellar EP, Van Looy J. Assessing the effectiveness of digital game-based learning: Best practices. Computers & Education. 2016;92–93: 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.007
Hainey T, Connolly TM, Boyle EA, Wilson A, Razak A. A systematic literature review of games-based learning empirical evidence in primary education. Computers & Education. 2016;102: 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.09.001
Männiste T, Pedaste M, Schimanski R. Situational judgment test for measuring military tactical decision-making skills. Military Psychology. 2019;31(6): 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2019.1664366
Ashford M, Abraham A, Poolton J. Understanding a Player’s Decision-Making Process in Team Sports: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Sports. 2021;9(5): 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9050065
Bislick LP, Weir PC, Spencer K, Kendall D, Yorkston KM. Do principles of motor learning enhance retention and transfer of speech skills? A systematic review. Aphasiology, 2012;26(5): 709–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2012.676888
Silva AF, Conte D, Clemente FM. Decision-Making in Youth Team-Sports Players: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11): 3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113803
Kranzinger S, Kranzinger C, Kremser W, Duemler B. Performance tracking in female youth soccer through wearables and subjective assessments. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2025;7: 1627820. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1627820
Almulla J, Takiddin A, Househ M. The use of technology in tracking soccer players’ health performance: a scoping review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2020;20(1): 184. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01156-4
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yogi Arnaldo Putra, John Arwandi, Kristian Burhan, Bram Sujadesman, Yogi Setiawan, Sari Mariati, Ramaita Ramaita, Randi Kurniawan, Rully Effendi, Andra Rizky Putra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright Holder - Author(s). more
Abstract views: 63 / PDF downloads: 39
