THE EFFECT OF GAMES AND TRAINING PROGRAMS OFFERED AT BALL SCHOOL (BALSCHULE), ON BALL-COORDINATION AMONG FIRST AND SECOND GRADE STUDENTS
Keywords:
ball school, coordination, ball-coordination tests, coordination capabilitiesAbstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of games and training programs offered at the Ball school (Ballschule Heidelberg), on ball-coordination among first and second grade students. For this purpose, 38 students from 13 schools covered by the Ball school (Heidelberg Balschule), were chosen as the experimental group (non-random) ; in the meantime the consent of the students’ parents were also received. Forty students as well as a control group (non-random) of eight normal schools were selected with parental consents. Then through using ball-coordination tests [BKT (BallKoordinationstests). Ball Coordination’s Tests], the level of the ball skills among both groups were measured in the pre-test and Post-test. Tests included kicking ball against the wall (under five conditions). The research methods were semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. Independent variables were also applied to the experimental group and the means and standard deviations were calculated through descriptive statistics. And then, a T-test for statistical analysis of data in related groups were applied. The results showed a significant effect of games and training programs offered at the school ball in the ball-coordination of subjects.References
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<p>Aki E., Atasavun S., Turan A., Kayihan H. Training motor skills of children with low vision. <i>Percept Jun. </i>2007, vol.104(3 Pt 2), pp. 1328-1336.</p>
<p>Domkin D., Laczko J., Jaric S., Johansson H., Latash M.L. Structure of joint variability in bimanual pointing tasks. <em>Experimental Brain Research. </em>2002, vol.143(1), pp. 11-23.</p>
<p>Drowatzky and Zuccato. <i>The effects of age and gender on balance skills in preschool children</i>. 1967, vol. 266, pp. 55-62.</p>
<p>Geert David, John van et al. <i>Development of movement coordination in children</i>. Fist published by Rutledge new letter lane London. 2003, 200 p.</p>
<p>Gillberg C.L. Autism and autistic-like conditions: Subclasses among disorders of empathy. <em>Journal</em> of <em>Child Psychology</em> and <em>Psychiatry. </em>1992, vol.33, pp. 813–842.</p>
<p>Grouios G., Tsorbatzoudis H., Alexandris K. & Barkoukis V. Do left-handed competitors have and innate superiority in sport? <i>Percept Perform.</i>2000, vol.25 (3), pp. 747-54.</p>
<p>Haga M. The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children. <i>Child Care Health Dev.</i> 2008, vol.34(3), pp. 329-34.</p>
<p>Hirtz P. Coordination training. In: Schnabel G., Harre D. &Borde A. <i>Training science.</i> 1997, 225 p.</p>
<p>Hollmann W., Hettinger T. <i>Sports Medicine, based on work, training and preventive medicine</i>. 1990, vol.3, pp. 53-591.</p>
<p>Jeanne rod M. <i>The neural and behavioral organization of goal-directed movements</i>. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1988, 240 p.</p>
<p>Jeger and Staudinger. <i>Improve training and coordinative abilities</i>. Student Work. 2009, 164 p.</p>
<p>Kröger C. & Roth K. <i>Ball school.</i> An Alphabet for beginners game. Schorndorf: Hofmann. 1999, 120 p.</p>
<p>Maurer E. P., Wood A.W., Adam J.C. and Lettenmaier D. P. <i>A long-term hydrologically based dataset of land surface fluxes and states for the conterminous United States</i>. 2000. 124 p.</p>
<p>Mauser H.J., Reynolds R.P. 1977 Effects of a developmental physical activity program on children's body coordination and self-concept. <i>Percept.</i> 1977, vol.44(3 Pt 2), pp. 1057-8.</p>
<p>Mc Call, Renee M and Craft, Diane H. <i>Purposeful Play</i>, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. 2004, 168 p.</p>
<p>Mckenzie Thomas L. and Rosengard Paul F. <i>Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids.</i> Spark Physical Education, San Diego University. 2000, 248 p.</p>
<p>Piek J.P., Barrett N.C., Smith L.M., Rigoli D., Gasson N. Do Motor Skills in Infancy and Early Childhood Predict Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology at School Age? <i>Human Movement </i><em>Science. </em>2010, vol.29, pp. 777–786.</p>
<p>Prior M., Sanson A., Smart D., Oberklaid F. Psychological disorders and their correlates in an Australian community sample of preadolescent children. <em>Journal</em> <i>of</i> <em>Child Psychology</em> <i>and</i> <em>Psychiatry</em>. 1999, vol.40, pp. 563–580. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00474.</p>
<p>Schoemaker M.M. Effectiveness of neuromotor task training for children with developmental coordination disorder: a pilot study. <i>Neural Plast.</i> 2003, vol.10(1-2), pp. 155-163.</p>
<p>Skinner R.A., Piek J.P. Psychosocial implications of poor motor coordination in children and adolescents. <i>Human Movement</i> <em>Science.</em> 2001, vol.20, pp. 73–94.</p>
<p>Summerbell C.D., Waters E., Edmunds L.D., Kelly S., Brown T., Campbell K.J. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. <i>Cochrane Database System Review</i>. 2005, CD001871.</p>
<p>Weineck J. <i>Optimales Training</i>. Erlangen: Spitta-Verlag, 2000, 204 p.</p>
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2013-07-28
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Behrooz E. THE EFFECT OF GAMES AND TRAINING PROGRAMS OFFERED AT BALL SCHOOL (BALSCHULE), ON BALL-COORDINATION AMONG FIRST AND SECOND GRADE STUDENTS. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2013;17(7):89-93.
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