EFFECT OF TWO TAPERING METHODS ON INTERLEUKIN-6, CORTISOL AND PERFORMANCE IN ELITE MALE WRESTLER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0811Keywords:
tapering, interleukin-6, cortisol, wrestlingAbstract
Purpose : This study examined that effect of two types of tapering on interleukin-6(IL-6), cortisol and performance in elite male wrestler. Material : After 4 weeks of progressive training, wrestlers were randomly divided into three equal groups, 1-control group (N=10) continued performing progressive training for one week, 2-taper group 1 (N=10) continued with a 50% reduction in training volume for one week, 3-taper group 2 (N=10) continued with a 75% reduction in volume of training for one week .plasma blood IL-6 and cortisol levels were assayed from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Also general strength of muscles was recorded as a performance test. All data were collected before and after progressive training and also after one week of tapering period. Results : There were significant reduction of IL-6 and cortisol levels in both tapering group comparing with control group (P≤0.05).There was significant reduction of IL-6 and cortisol levels among tapering 50% and tapering 75% after tapering period (P≤0.05). Also there was significant increase of general strength of muscles between tapering 75% and control group (P≤0.05). Conclusion : hence, one week tapering with 75% reduction in training volume after progressive training while the intensity kept high is effective strategy for reduction of IL-6, and cortisol levels and also increase performance. It seems that higher reduction of training volume when the intensity kept high is a good strategy for wrestler before main competition.References
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<p>Coutts A, Reaburn P, Piva T, Murphy A. Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine.</i> 2007;28:116-124.</p>
<p>Coutts A, Reaburn P, Piva T, Rowsell G. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, ad psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. 2007;28:25-34.</p>
<p>Hovanlo F, Khosrow E, Alizadeh R. The Effects of Two Tapering Methods on Physical and Physiological Factors in Amateur Soccer Players. <i>World Journal of Sport Sciences</i>. 2012;6:194-199.</p>
<p>Farhangimaleki N, Zehsaz F, Peter M. The effect of tapering period on plasma pro- inflammatory cytokine levels and performance in elite male cyclists. <i>Journal of Sports Science and Medicine</i>. 2009;4:600-606.</p>
<p>Goldshy R, Kindt T. Impact of reduced training on performance in endurance athletes<i>. Sports Medicine</i>. 2003;12:380-393.</p>
<p>Houmard J, Scott B, Justice L, >Chenier C. The effects of taper on performance in distance runners. <i>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise </i>1994;26:624-631.</p>
<p>Laurent B, Tjonathan M, Denis A. Effects of Tapering on Performance: A Meta-Analysis. <i>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</i>. 2007;19:908-914.</p>
<p>Mujika I. Tapering for triathlon competition Journal of human sport and exercise. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine</i> 2011;2:264-270.</p>
<p>Mujika I, Goya A, Ruiz E. Physiological and performance responses to a 6-day taper in middle-distance runners: influence of training frequency. <i>International journal of sport medicine</i> 2002;23:367-373.</p>
<p>Mujika I, Padilla S. Physiological changes associated with pre-event taper in athletes. <i>Sports Medicine</i> 2004;34:891-927.</p>
<p>Michelle Bartlett B. Intense Training in Sport: Monitoring the Effects on Immune Function and Mood State. <i>Journal of Athletic Enhancement</i> 2014;3:210-217.Volume 3</p>
<p>Mujika I, Chatard JC. Effects of training and taper on blood leucocyte populations in competitive swimmers: relationships with cortisol and performance. <i>International Journal Sports Medicine</i> 1996;17:213-217.</p>
<p>Mirzaei B, Curby D. physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestler. <i>Journal of strength condition Research</i> 2009;23:2339-2344.</p>
<p>M ujika I, Padilla S. Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. <i>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercises</i> 2003;35:1182–1187.</p>
<p>Nemet D, Youngman O, Seong Kim H. Effect of Intense Exercise on Inflammatory Cytokines and Growth Mediators in Adolescent Boys. <i>Pediatrics</i> 2002;110:681-689.</p>
<p>Neary J, Martin T, Mckenzie D. The effects of a reduced exercise duration taper programme on performance and muscle enzymes of endurance cyclists. <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 1992;65:30-36.</p>
<p>Neary J, Bhambhani Y, McKenzie C. Effects of different stepwise reduction taper protocols on cycling performance. <i>Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2003;28:576-587.</p>
<p>Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Zacho M. Evidence that interieukin-6 is produced in human skeletal muscle during prolonged running. <i>Journal of Physiology</i> 1998;508:949- 953.</p>
<p>Papacostae L, Michael GL. Effects of intensify training and taper on immune function. <i>School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences</i>, 2013;20:73-79.</p>
<p>Peake J, Suzuki K. Exercise-induced muscle damage, plasma cytokines and markers of neutrophil activation. <i>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</i> 2005;37:737-745.</p>
<p>Peake J, Wilson G. Changes in neutrophil receptor expression, degranulation and respiratory burst activity after moderate and high intensity exercise. <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2004;97:612-618.</p>
<p>Pedersen B, Bruunsgaard H. How physical exercise influences the establishment of infections. <i>Sports Medicine</i> 1995;19:393–400.</p>
<p>Petibois C, Cazorla G, Poortmans J. Biochemical aspects of overtraining in endurance sports: a review. <i>Sports Medicine</i> 2002;13:867-878.</p>
<p>Rietjens G, Keizer H, Kuipers H. A reduction in training volume and intensity for 21 days does not impair performance in cyclists. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i> 2001;35:431-434.</p>
<p>Ronsen O, Kjeldsen-Kragh J. Recovery time affects immune endocrine responses to a second bout of endurance exercise. <i>American Journal of Physiology</i> 2002;283:1612-1620.</p>
<p>Ronsen O, Pedersen B. Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise. <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2001;91:425–434.</p>
<p>Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Moller K. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. <i>American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Endocrinology and Metabolism</i> 2003;285: 33-437.</p>
<p>Smith L. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? <i>Medicine and Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine</i> 2002;32:317-331.</p>
<p>Smith L, Anwar A, Fragen M. Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high-intensity eccentric exercise. <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2000;2:61-67.</p>
<p>Shepley B, MacDougall J, >Cipriano N, Sutton J. Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes. Journal of <i>Applied Physiology</i> 1992;2:706-711.</p>
<p>Coutts A, Reaburn P, Piva T, Murphy A. Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine.</i> 2007;28:116-124.</p>
<p>Coutts A, Reaburn P, Piva T, Rowsell G. Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, ad psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. 2007;28:25-34.</p>
<p>Hovanlo F, Khosrow E, Alizadeh R. The Effects of Two Tapering Methods on Physical and Physiological Factors in Amateur Soccer Players. <i>World Journal of Sport Sciences</i>. 2012;6:194-199.</p>
<p>Farhangimaleki N, Zehsaz F, Peter M. The effect of tapering period on plasma pro- inflammatory cytokine levels and performance in elite male cyclists. <i>Journal of Sports Science and Medicine</i>. 2009;4:600-606.</p>
<p>Goldshy R, Kindt T. Impact of reduced training on performance in endurance athletes<i>. Sports Medicine</i>. 2003;12:380-393.</p>
<p>Houmard J, Scott B, Justice L, >Chenier C. The effects of taper on performance in distance runners. <i>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise </i>1994;26:624-631.</p>
<p>Laurent B, Tjonathan M, Denis A. Effects of Tapering on Performance: A Meta-Analysis. <i>Medicine and science in sports and exercise</i>. 2007;19:908-914.</p>
<p>Mujika I. Tapering for triathlon competition Journal of human sport and exercise. <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine</i> 2011;2:264-270.</p>
<p>Mujika I, Goya A, Ruiz E. Physiological and performance responses to a 6-day taper in middle-distance runners: influence of training frequency. <i>International journal of sport medicine</i> 2002;23:367-373.</p>
<p>Mujika I, Padilla S. Physiological changes associated with pre-event taper in athletes. <i>Sports Medicine</i> 2004;34:891-927.</p>
<p>Michelle Bartlett B. Intense Training in Sport: Monitoring the Effects on Immune Function and Mood State. <i>Journal of Athletic Enhancement</i> 2014;3:210-217.Volume 3</p>
<p>Mujika I, Chatard JC. Effects of training and taper on blood leucocyte populations in competitive swimmers: relationships with cortisol and performance. <i>International Journal Sports Medicine</i> 1996;17:213-217.</p>
<p>Mirzaei B, Curby D. physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestler. <i>Journal of strength condition Research</i> 2009;23:2339-2344.</p>
<p>M ujika I, Padilla S. Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. <i>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercises</i> 2003;35:1182–1187.</p>
<p>Nemet D, Youngman O, Seong Kim H. Effect of Intense Exercise on Inflammatory Cytokines and Growth Mediators in Adolescent Boys. <i>Pediatrics</i> 2002;110:681-689.</p>
<p>Neary J, Martin T, Mckenzie D. The effects of a reduced exercise duration taper programme on performance and muscle enzymes of endurance cyclists. <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 1992;65:30-36.</p>
<p>Neary J, Bhambhani Y, McKenzie C. Effects of different stepwise reduction taper protocols on cycling performance. <i>Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2003;28:576-587.</p>
<p>Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Zacho M. Evidence that interieukin-6 is produced in human skeletal muscle during prolonged running. <i>Journal of Physiology</i> 1998;508:949- 953.</p>
<p>Papacostae L, Michael GL. Effects of intensify training and taper on immune function. <i>School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences</i>, 2013;20:73-79.</p>
<p>Peake J, Suzuki K. Exercise-induced muscle damage, plasma cytokines and markers of neutrophil activation. <i>Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise</i> 2005;37:737-745.</p>
<p>Peake J, Wilson G. Changes in neutrophil receptor expression, degranulation and respiratory burst activity after moderate and high intensity exercise. <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2004;97:612-618.</p>
<p>Pedersen B, Bruunsgaard H. How physical exercise influences the establishment of infections. <i>Sports Medicine</i> 1995;19:393–400.</p>
<p>Petibois C, Cazorla G, Poortmans J. Biochemical aspects of overtraining in endurance sports: a review. <i>Sports Medicine</i> 2002;13:867-878.</p>
<p>Rietjens G, Keizer H, Kuipers H. A reduction in training volume and intensity for 21 days does not impair performance in cyclists. <i>British Journal of Sports Medicine</i> 2001;35:431-434.</p>
<p>Ronsen O, Kjeldsen-Kragh J. Recovery time affects immune endocrine responses to a second bout of endurance exercise. <i>American Journal of Physiology</i> 2002;283:1612-1620.</p>
<p>Ronsen O, Pedersen B. Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise. <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2001;91:425–434.</p>
<p>Steensberg A, Fischer C, Keller C, Moller K. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. <i>American Journal of Physiology Endocrinal Endocrinology and Metabolism</i> 2003;285: 33-437.</p>
<p>Smith L. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? <i>Medicine and Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine</i> 2002;32:317-331.</p>
<p>Smith L, Anwar A, Fragen M. Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high-intensity eccentric exercise. <i>European Journal of Applied Physiology</i> 2000;2:61-67.</p>
<p>Shepley B, MacDougall J, >Cipriano N, Sutton J. Physiological effects of tapering in highly trained athletes. Journal of <i>Applied Physiology</i> 1992;2:706-711.</p>
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2015-08-28
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Mehranpour A, Supaporn S, Hasani S, Witid M. EFFECT OF TWO TAPERING METHODS ON INTERLEUKIN-6, CORTISOL AND PERFORMANCE IN ELITE MALE WRESTLER. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2015;19(8):82-8. https://doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0811
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