Self-assessment and aggression’s manifestation of Judo wrestlers in age and qualification aspects

Purpose: to determine self assessment and aggression’s manifestations of judo wrestlers in age and qualification


Introduction 1
Self-assessment is one of the most important psychic structures, which control people's attitude towards themselves and events around them. It is the central component of personality and plays the role of activity's regulator. Self-assessment ensures the best adaptation to constantly varying life conditions. It facilitates achievement of high results in any activity [2,3,26].
Self-assessment is defined as assessment of person's own physical and psychic qualities, behavior, achievements and failures, advantages and drawbacks, own potentials and abilities [1,3,8,28].
Aggression is closely connected with sport activity. It is observed at all its levels -from junior to professional leagues [16]. Recent time, in scientific literature, different factors or reasons, facilitating unbearably aggressive adolescents' behavior, practicing sports, have been being analyzed. Competitions (contest), by its nature, imply impulses of aggression. But such aggression is determined by competition rules. It depends on many factors. Individual self-assessment is closely connected with the following: aggressive reactions; ability to control aggressive impulses; ability to manifest such energy in socially acceptable way. Self assessment is especially important in adolescent's age. In this age self cognition expands; new forms of self control appear. Self assessment is one of personality's qualities, influencing significantly on individual understanding own self-sufficiency, interpersonal communication, demand in contest with surrounding people [20].
To larger extent aggressiveness is noticeable in athletes and physically active people [7,21,32]. Sports permit to express aggressive feelings. It does no harm to other people and forms constructive ways of sportsmen's aggressive behavior [7]. Aggression is characteristic for many kinds of sports [10,22,23]. As a phenomenon aggression is studied in different aspects. Endresen & Olweus [15] stresses on influence of personalities' qualities on aggressiveness in sports. The authors affirm that expression of aggression in certain kind physical activity coincides with aggressiveness in everyday life. The authors note that earlier quite an opposite opinion existed: it was considered that sports practicing weakened behavior aggressiveness.
In sport activity the so-called instrumental aggressiveness is manifested most frequently: i.e. aggressiveness is used for achievement victory [24,30,34,37]. For victory in competition coaches create attacking strategy. Such aggressive strategies are most frequent in kinds of sports, where frequent and close physical contacts with opponent take place [12]. The distinctive feature of opponents' such contacts is tolerable perception of instrumental aggression. Often such strategy comes out of frames of permitted competition rules. This makes sports still more cruel and aggressive [33].

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In some kinds of sports aggressive behavior is admitted and encouraged, for example in boxing and hockey. Though, it contradicts moral and social norms and rules. For achievement victory athletes are recommended to behave aggressively [18,35].
The problem of aggressive behavior is regarded rather in detail in scientific literature. However there are still little works, devoted to self assessment and aggression of people, practicing sports (especially martial arts). That is why the object of the present research is study of interconnections of aggressions and self assessment of Judo wrestlers.
The hypothesis of the research was assumption that self-assessment and aggression of older and elite Judo wrestlers are higher than of younger sportsmen.
The purpose of the research is to determine self assessment and aggression's manifestations of Judo wrestlers in age and qualification aspects and to determine self assessment and aggression's manifestations of Judo wrestlers in age and qualification aspects.

Material and methods
Participants: in the research boys -Judo wrestlers from sport schools of Kaunas (Lithuania) participated (n=90, age -16.9 ± 2.0 years). The athletes were divided into three groups. In qualification aspects were divided into two groups. The first group was composed as per sport achievements -the members of combined Lithuanian teams. The second group consisted athletes of different sport categories, which were not the members of combined teams (see table 1).
The athletes were selected by method of "convenient" sampling (coming from possibilities of questioning). Before questioning we received the consent for participation in the researches of: sportsmen, their parents, coaches and administrations of sport organizations.
Organization of the research: the research was fulfilled in 2015. We used anonymous questioning. For self assessment of the tested we used the scale of M. Rosenberg (The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES, 1965). The scale consisted of 10 affirmations, characterizing human state. Sportsmen were to assess every affirmation, choosing one of four variants of answers: from "completely agree" to "flatly disagree". The sum of answers was estimated from 0 to 30 points. The highest was the sum of points the greater was self-assessment: less than 10 points meant low self-assessment; 11-20 points -average selfassessment and 21-30 points -high self-assessment [31] with indicator of internal reliability of scale Cronbach α = 0.78.
For determination of aggression's kinds we used Personality questionnaire Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ, 1992. The questionnaire consists of 29 statements. It has the following sub-scales: physical and verbal aggression, anger and hostility [13] with indicator of internal reliability of scale Cronbach α = 0.89. Every statement of the scale was estimated from 1 (have no) to 7 (very typically) points. The more aggressiveness is expressed, the higher was the sum of points: physical aggressiveness -9 statements; verbal aggression -5 points; anger -7 statements and hostility -8 statements.
Statistical analysis: the received data were processed with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) 17.0 programs. The received data were estimated with the help of non parametrical criteria. Two independent samples were compared with Mann-Whitney U-test. More than two independent samples were compared with H-Kruskal-Wallis test [25]. Confidence of mean group data differences was found with Student's t-test at significance level of р<0.05. For comparison of self assessment levels of different groups' tested we used χ 2 -criterion. критерий. Correlations of indicators were determined with the help of correlation coefficient of Spearmen.

Results
The fulfilled questioning permitted to find selfassessment and aggressiveness indicators of the respondents (see table 2). It was found that the highest self assessment was intrinsic to older sportsmen (juniors) and reaches 20.56 ± 3.52 points. Self assessment of younger athletes does not differ statistically (p>0.05) though it is a little lower.
Physical and verbal aggression, as well as anger are not influenced by age of Judo-wrestlers (see table 2) (p>0.05). However, the older Judo wrestlers become the higher their hostility rises statistically (p<0.05).
We have not found statistical differences between aggression indicators depending on respondents' self assessment (p>0.05): i.e. all forms of aggression are distributed uniformly (see table 3).
Average self-assessment of combined teams' members  4). Indicators of sportsmen's with sport categories self assessment and aggression statistically do not differ from the same of elite athletes (p>0.5). Analysis of self-assessment data, depending on athletes' sportsmanship showed that no one of them had low self assessment level (see table 5). But high self assessment level have confidently greater quantity of combined teams' members than athletes with sport categories (p<0.05). No correlations were found between self assessment and aggression's kinds of cadets and juniors. For youngsters we found average level correlation between self assessment and physical aggression (see table 6).

Discussion
The problem of correlations between self assessment and aggression in sports has being always existed. Till nowadays different contradictory hypothesis has been formulated. In these polemic martial arts, popular among athletes of different age, take special place.
The hypothesis, formulated by us, was proved partially. Athletes' self assessment in respect to their age statistically does not differ, but it differs depending on sportsmanship (higher self assessment is characteristic for combined teams' members). Judo wrestlers' aggression, depending on age, differs only by one component (hostility), while depending on sportsmanship differences are absent.
It was found that manifestations of anger, physical and verbal aggressions of different age Judo wrestlers are nearly the same (p>0.05), while manifestation of hostility is different. More adult athletes have confidently greater hostility (p<0.05). The level of sport qualification practically does not influence oh Judo wrestlers' aggression.
The received by us results partially coincide with results of other work [36]. This author found that there is the tendency of self assessment and aggression rising in adolescents, depending on improvement of their sport results.
In other study it was determined that self assessment

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of young rugby players is lower than the same of older athletes [37]. For the tested by us Judo wrestlers it is not characteristic. The tested by us athletes had average self-assessment level. It coincides with other data [4]. The authors found certain reduction of self assessment of athletes with sport categories in conditions of competitions [4]. It was found that adolescents, practicing sports, have higher self assessment [17]. It was also found that self assessment of elite athletes in different kinds of sports is confidently higher, comparing with athletes of lower qualification [5,8,11].
In opinion of a number of scientists [6], the most efficient are athletes with high self-assessment [2,3]. Comparing with the tested by us athletes the boys from Lithuanian sport schools have higher self-assessment: high level -56% and low -у 18% [27]. In our case high self assessment is characteristic for 51.7% members of Judo combined teams of Lithuania and for 27.9% of Notes: I group -elite sportsmen; II group -sportsmen with sport categories. athletes with sport categories.
In opinion of some researchers [19,20], just low selfassessment is a risk factor of aggression's emersion. In our study we did not register low self-assessment.
According to other work, on initial stages of martial arts' training aggression is connected with the following: sport results; victory on competitions; with intransigence to drawbacks; with strive for self-affirmation at the account of other people [9]. Experience of martial arts training causes reduction of aggression. Some changes in personality's vaules take plac. It conditiones shift of value orientation from practical result to the training process itself [9].
We did not find any correlations between selfassessment and aggression's manifestations of Judojuniors and cadets. In Judo youngsters we found average level correlation between self-assessment and physical aggression: the higher self assessment is, the more expressed is physical aggression.
In a number of works correlation of other kind was found: in adult rugby players there is no connection between self assessment and total indicator of aggression. In younger rugby players there is negative correlation: the lower self assessment is, the greater is total indicator of aggression [37].
In martial arts such forms of aggression can exist: instrumental, hostility or unfriendly behavior [35]. Instrumental aggression is motivated by strive for achievement of target. Such behavior looks like as previously planned for achievement of certain strategic advantage in fight. Martial arts athletes plan their tactic and fighting technique beforehand. Technical and tactical training directed at victory is the basis of all martial arts. It means that athlete shall traumatize his opponent or fulfill other aggressive actions for obtaining certain advantage or to win.
Rather often sport activity pre-conditions negative behavior. Unfortunately, coaches and spectators often encourage such athlete's behavior and explain it by need in formation sport character. Dunn et al. affirm that since early childhood it is necessary to cultivate negative attitude to aggression, to humiliation of human dignity. It is necessary to cultivate the idea that such behavior is not and cannot be the norm of life [14].
Endresen & Olweus found that for athletes with bent to aggression (martial arts and power kinds of sports) destructive behavior even out of gym is characteristic [15]. There is an opinion that too high self assessment is connected with non adaptive manifestations of aggressiveness [29].
The prospects of the research imply working out of practical recommendations on formation of adequate self-assessment of Judo wrestlers and regulation of their aggressiveness by them.

Conclusions:
In all Judo wrestlers' age groups average selfassessment prevails. Higher self assessment is characteristic for members of Lithuanian combined teams (p<0.05). Depending on age Judo wrestlers' aggression differs only by one component (youngsters are more hostile than juniors and cadets). Depending on sportsmanship, there are no differences.