Special aspects of Paralympic athletes ’ sport activity in the process of self-education

Purpose: to determine and substantiate influence of self-education components of Paralympic athletes’ sport activity. Material: in the research 46 Paralympic athletes form three teams of game kinds of sports participated: combined football, basketball and volleyball teams of Ukraine. The program of self-education process’s organization was designed for 9 months and consisted of three stages. Pedagogic program consisted of 9 classes. Optimal time of one training session was 45 minutes a day (in total – 9 days). Results: we determined the need in consideration of athletes’ individual-personality features in organization the selfeducation process. We also substantiated and experimentally tested correlations, which facilitate: adequate organization of athletes’ self-education process; mastering of sport knowledge and skills of behavior in different extreme situations; realization of own potentials in sport and social life. Conclusions: the structure of athletes’ self –education is presented by combination of interconnected components: motivation-personal (motives, demands, settings, moral-will qualities and individual personal features); cognitive (system of knowledge about oneself and sport functioning); activity (formation of skills in self cognition, self-organization and self-control).

Introduction 1  Modern sport is the natural result of human cognitive activity.Achievements of sport sciences, methodic of elite athletes' training, application of it results in other branches are a combination of sports' spiritual values [20,25,29,31].
Involvement of disabled people in sport activity is of great importance for such people and society in general.Adaptive sports facilitate disabled people's integration in social life.Adaptive sports facilitate full opening of potentials for comprehensive development of physical abilities and motor skills.Such activity permits to feel happiness, completeness of life, control over body and overcoming life difficulties as well as to expand social contacts [15,17,23,32].
In sports disabled people have opportunity to self realize and self-perfect.Participation in sports movement facilitates activation of all organism's systems, motor correction and formation of a number of required motor compensations.It is an important factor of disabled people's physical and social rehabilitation [21,22,26,30].
Psychological-pedagogic aspect of Paralympic trainings on all stages requires special attention.Success depends to large extent on Paralympic athlete him/herself: his/her abilities to self-control at competitions, ability to independently cognate own potentials and resources, to plan own activity and distribute reasonably forces and time [14,17,19,28].
It should be noted that personality's education in sports and ordinary life was paid attention to by the following scientists: I. Bekh -education of personality and influence of medium on its formation [2]; V. Voronova -psychology of sports and development of personality under influence of elite sports factors [5]; V. Shuba -psychologicalpedagogic aspects of work with disabled people [12]; Y.
Bhambhani -influence of physical training on emotional state of disabled athletes [13].
Searching of means for raising effectiveness of Paralympic athletes' self-education process's organization is presented in the following works: Yu.Briskinstudies in the sphere of adaptive physical culture, which facilitates maximal development of vitality and effective self-realization in society [3,4]; V. Zhylenkovaformation and development of physical culture and sports for disabled people with muscular skeletal apparatus disorders [6]; R. Chudnaya -aspects of physical education of people, having different heavy disorders of vitally important organism's functions and restricted physical potentials, resulted from diseases or traumas [10]; V. Shuba -special aspects of psychological-pedagogic organization of Paralympic athletes' (with muscular skeletal apparatus disorders) training process [11]; M. Braycich -influence of different level competitions on athletes' psychological individual features [15]; G.R. Coudevylle et al. -application of specific strategy of overcoming personal anxiety before competitions [18]; P. Laursen -special aspects of trainings with different intensity levels [27].
That is why, one of new approaches to solution the problem of Paralympic athletes' potentials realization can be analysis of self-education process and its interconnection with different components.
The purpose of the research: is to determine and substantiate influence of self-education components of Paralympic athletes' sport activity.

Ukraine.
Organization of the research: control group was trained according to traditional training schedule.Trainings on organization of self-education process, considering pedagogic conditions, were not conducted in this group.
For Every stage of program had its own dynamic.It depended on the purpose and tasks of every stage.
The first training session of the first stage is devoted to familiarization, organizational questions and explanations of expectations.At 2-8 trainings dynamic and active selfcognition work was practiced.
The first training of the 2 nd stage was devoted to analysis of diaries and its re-structurizing.At 2 nd -4 th trainings athletes overcame critical life situations.At 5 th training exercise "Tree of resources" was practiced.At 6 th -8 th trainings athletes overcame critical life situations (this training was devoted to summarizing).
At 3 rd stage athletes worked more independently and their work was directed at creation of optimal psychological-pedagogic conditions of self-education's organization in life activity.This work was fulfilled at 1 st -8 th trainings.9 th training of the 3 rd stage was devoted to summarizing of all program of athletes' self-education process's organization.
For assessment of self-education organization with the help of innovative program effectiveness and self-report diary we formed a block of methods for psycho-emotional state diagnostic.
Athletes' psycho-emotional state; self-education's organization and self control were checked by psychological tests and questionnaires.It permitted to find psycho-emotional state development, functioning and correction in pre-competition and competition periods: 1. Method of modeling (consisted of three stages).The first stage: careful study of self-education and selfperfection experience of Paralympic athletes; analysis and generalization of this experience and formation of hypothesis which became the basis of innovative program of self education process's organization, considering pedagogic conditions [1,8].
The second stage: formation of research program; organization of practical activity in compliance with the worked out innovative program of self-education process's organization; inserting of corrections to the program; specifying of initial hypothesis, taken as the base of model.
The third stage: formation of final variant of model of innovative program of self-education process's organization for Paralympic athletes.
2. Diagnostic talks: as the basis of these talks we took five-step model of psychological interview: making contacts with athletes; collection of information on the problem; formulation of the desired result; working out of alternative solutions; generalization [7]; 3. Questionnaire for anxiety level was with closed questions.I.e.answers were restricted by previously determined quantity of answers' variants.We used standard questionnaire for athletes' anxiety determination [1,9,12]; 4. Socio-metric study implied the following: first we determined main criteria for assessment of one or another side of interpersonal interaction.For this purpose we formulated the questions, relating to real situation [7]; 5. Questionnaire of Spilberger-Khanin was used for assessment of reactive and personal anxiety [1,9]; 6. Scale of competition anxiety was used for quantitative measuring of athlete's bent to emotionally react by different intensity anxiety to pre-competition and competition situations [1,5,7]; 7. Questionnaire of Izank was used for diagnostic of neurotism, extraversion/introversion and psychotism.This questionnaire is a realization of psychological approach to personality's study [8,9]; 8. Questionnaire for study self-development and ability to self-organization was used for finding of abilities for self development and consisted of three main blocks: 1 st -"self-cognition"; 2 nd -"self-achievement/selfrealization"; 3 rd -"self-control" [12].

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Psycho-emotional state of athletes was studied in dynamic as well: in trainings during all stages.
Statistical analysis: we calculated the following: mean arithmetic; mean square deviation; variation coefficient; standard error of mean arithmetic; correlation coefficient.The receive data were processed with the help of Microsoft Exсel program.

Results of the research
Paralympic athletes with muscular skeletal apparatus problems relate to the most dynamic branch of Paralympic movement.It is witnessed by: increase of competitions' quantity, strengthening of contest, emersion of new kinds of sports [3,16,34].At present stage of Paralympic movement's development Paralympic athletes' activity is regarded at the level of "healthy" athletes' participation [24,33].During year Paralympic athlete can participate in a number of competitions of different level.Their quantity determines dynamic of training process.
In the course of our study of Paralympic athletes we receive significant correlations between different parameters: sport age and sport category; sport category and social status in group; Sport age and social status in group; sport category and the type of temper personal anxiety and situational anxiety; personal anxiety and competition anxiety; communication with other people and planning future activity; communication with other people and professional progress.
Analysis of the received data showed the following: 1.The received significant correlations between "sport age" and "sport degree" witness about increase of sportsmanship in compliance with sport experience (see table 1).This natural regularity is characteristic both for women and men.The accumulated in the process of many years' sports practicing experience brings its qualitative result.
2. The following received correlation between "sport category" and "socio-metry" can also be considered quite logical.Direct correlation points at positive influence of sportsmanship on socio-metric indicators of athlete (see table 2).
For many years athlete gains higher results that causes respect from less experienced athletes and higher quantity of choices by results of socio-metry.

PEDAGOGICS PSYCHOLOGY
3. Similar picture was received for parameters "sport age" and "socio-metry".The higher is sport experience the oftener a person receives advantage in choices by socio-metry (see table 3).
The data witness that sport results and sport age characterize the athlete's experience.It causes respects to such athletes and points at higher quantity of choices by socio-metry.
4. Attention should also be paid to significant correlation between "sport category" and "type of temper".Reverse correlation points, that with increasing of sportsmanship melancholic temper is rather rare, while sanguine temper if more frequently met (see table 4).
The received data point that: А) High sport results shall not be expected from Paralympic athletes with melancholic type of temper, especially in game kinds of sports.It means that at the beginning of sport career correct sport selection can save a lot of time and finances.
B) Athletes with sanguine type of temper are the most promising for achievement of high sport results, especially in game kinds of sports.Such athletes are characterized by natural friendliness, will power and openness.All these facilitate team spirit, group dynamic and team will for victory.
5. We received significant correlation between "personal anxiety" and "situational anxiety".Direct correlation points that with increasing of personal anxiety situational anxiety also increases (see table 5).
This correlation points that athletes with high personal anxiety will have high situational anxiety in extreme situations.It can become an obstacle in achievement of high sport results.
6.We received significant correlation between "personal anxiety" and competition anxiety".Its direct character points that with increasing of personal anxiety, "competition anxiety" also increases (see table 6).In competitions such anxiety can be an obstacle in achievement of high sport results.
7. We also obtained highly significant correlation between "discussing of interesting problems with other people to know their point of view" and "planning of future activity (physical loads and so on)" (see table 7).
This correlation means the following: a) for Paralympic athletes initial pronouncing of own future actions can be sufficiently critical point in making plan

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of future activity; b) pronouncing permits to plan future activity and insert necessary corrections, when receiving significant feedback in due time; c) it's quite probable that initial pronunciation of the most important issues will play key role in development of self-organization of Paralympic athletes' personalities.8.We received significant correlation between parameter "I used to discuss important for me questions with other people, to know their opinion" and parameter "Control over oven professional progress to obtain positive results" (see table 8).
This correlation shows that Paralympic athletes require constant assistance during trainings from pedagogues, psychologists and coaches.

Discussion
To large extent, success in sports depends on athlete's individual features [3,13].Athlete's psychic qualities are the most significant factors, which condition the level of sport achievements [2].The results, received in our experiment revealed similar connection.As per these parameters it is of no importance in which sport movement (Olympic or Paralympic) athlete participates.Intensive physical and psychic loads are characteristic for all sports.Such loads facilitate development of psychic features.They ensure weakening of psychic load by rationalizing behavior (anxiety in particular).
A number of authors [1,2,9]  Some authors [1,13,18] say that anxiety state complicates athlete's activity and reduces his/her achievements in competitions.Other specialists [6,15,33] present the data that anxiety state is connected with feeling "comfort of psychological functioning".The mentioned problem of conscious localization of anxiety control only has started to be worked out in sport psychology.
In the received by us results we attract attention to the data of correlations.They witness about demand in constant assistance of pedagogues, psychologists and coaches in trainings of Paralympic athletes.It is also confirmed by other authors [9,10,16].Such assistance will positively influence on emotional state that will facilitate realization of Paralympic athlete's maximal potentials and bring victory in competitions.

Conclusions
Organization of athletes' self-education process has been defined as targeted, conscious, systemic and planned process.At the beginning athletes require assistance.Then, independent, personally desired and important personality's work with him/herself is started.The purpose of such work is: rising of sportsmanship, perfection of moral-will qualities, regulation of psycho-emotional state, self-perfection and self-realization in sport activity.
We have substantiated sequential stages of selfeducation process of Paralympic athletes in conditions of sport activity: involvement of Paralympic athletes in selfcognition process; mastering of skills in self-education; athlete's self-organization and self control over own sport and social self-perfection.
The structure of athletes' self-education is presented by combination of interconnected components: motivationalpersonal (motives, demands, settings, moral-will qualities and individual-personal features); cognitive (system of knowledge about oneself and sport activity); activity (formation of skills in self-cognition, self-organization and self-control).The prospects of further researches imply further scientific solution of the following problems: training of coaches for Paralympic teams in different kinds of sports, consideration of special aspects of Paralympic athletes' self-education process's organization in different kinds of sports during trainings and at different level competitions.
: in the research 46 Paralympic athletes form three teams of game kinds of sports participated (control group n=24 and experimental group -n=24): combined football, basketball and volleyball teams of medical-biological problems of physical training and sports At first training session rules of group work are announced; they, further, positively influence on correction work and mutual trust.All exercises were strictly regulated by time.

Table 1 .
Correlation between sport age and sport category of Paralympic athletes

Table 2 .
Correlation between sport category and social status in Paralympic athletes' group

Table 3 .
Correlation between sport age and social status in group of Paralympic athletes **Correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral)

Table 4 .
Correlation between sport category and type of temper of Paralympic athletes

Table 5 .
Correlation between personal anxiety and situational anxiety of Paralympic athletes

Table 6 .
Correlation between personal anxiety and competition anxiety of Paralympic athletes **Correlation is significant at 0.01 noted kinds of anxiety on the base of situations, connected with training process: training anxiety; with picture of oneself -self-assessment anxiety; with communication -interpersonal anxiety.Our researches confirm the results of other studies.Specificity of the chosen category of athletes permitted for us to open wider these results.Thus we can affirm the following:

Table 7 .
Correlation between communication with other people and planning of future activity

Table 8 .
Correlation between communicating with other people and professional progress of Paralympic athletes