INFLUENCE OF MUSIC TYPE LISTENING ON ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE AND SALIVARY CORTISOL IN MALES ATHLETES

Authors Mohammad Ghaderi.
m.ghaderi@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
Islamic Azad University
Mahabad 59135, Iran

Mohammad Ali Azerbaijani.
m.ghaderi@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
Islamic Azad University
Mahabad 59135, Iran

Hamid Agha Alinejad.
m.ghaderi@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
Tarbiat Modares University
Tehran, 11436, Iran

Sirvan Atashak.
m.ghaderi@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
Islamic Azad University
Mahabad 59135, Iran

Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi.
m.ghaderi@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
Tarbiat Modares University
Tehran, 11436, Iran

Davod Ghaderi.
m.ghaderi@iau-mahabad.ac.ir
Islamic Azad University
Sarab, 11436, Iran

Abstract Music has been widely recommended as a technique to enhance the psychophysical state of participants in sport and exercise. However, there is scant scientific evidence to clarify its proposed benefits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of fast and slow rhythm of music on anaerobic performance and salivary cortisol concentration in trained men. Thirty male physical education college students (ages: 25.66В±3.89 yr, height: 176.65 В± 7.66 cm, body mass: 78.45В±16.20 kg) voluntary participated in this study and divided to three groups: fast music, slow music, and no music(control). All subjects performed the coninghum test following a 20% grate and 14.3km/h speed on the treadmill. For measuring of cortisol, not stimulated samples of saliva collected, 15 minutes befor and immediately 5 and 30 minute after the exercise. No significant differences were found in anaerobic performance among the three groups in pretest indicating homogeneity of the groups. However, salivary cortisol no significant in anaerobic performance 5 and 30 minute after exercise as well. Summarily, Music doed not have a positive effect on performance, this study provided some support for the hypothesis that listening fast and slow music not significantly impacted during supramaximal exercise.
Key words slow and fast music; anaerobic performance; salivary cortisol;
References Atkinson G., Wilson D., Eubank M. Effects of music on work-rate distribution during a cycling time trial. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004, vol.25, pp. 611-615.

Beaver D.P. Pace through music. Modern Athlete and Coach, 1976, vol.14, pp. 12-13.

Becker N., Brett S., Chambliss C., Crowers K., Haring P., Marsh C., Montgomery R. Mellow and frenetic antecedent music during athletic performance of children, adults, and seniors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1994, vol.79, pp. 1043-1046

Boutcher S.H., & Trenske M. The effects of sensory deprivation and music onrating of rating ofrating of perceived exertion and affect during exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 1990, vol.12, pp. 167-176.

Brownley K.A., Mc Murray R.G., Hackney A.C. Effect of music on physiological and affective responses to graded treadmill exercise in trained and untrained runner. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1995, vol.3, pp. 193-201.

Copeland B.L., Franks B.D. Effects of types and intensities of background music on treadmill endurance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 1991, vol.31, pp. 100-103.

Costasi K.P., Terry C. The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise. A review 1997. 200p.

Crust L. Carry-over effects of music in an isometric muscular endurance task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2004, vol.98, pp. 985-991.

Eliakim M., Meckel Y. The effect of music during arm-up on consecutive anaerobic performance in elite adolescent volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006, vol.22, pp. 321-325.

Elias A.N., Wilson A.F., Pandian M.R., Chun G., Utsumi A., Kayaleh R., Ston S.C. Corticotrophin releasing hormone and gonadotropin secretion in physically active males after acute exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1991, vol.62, pp. 171-174.

Elliott D, Carr S, Orme D. The effect of motivational music on sub-maximal exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 2005, vol.5, pp. 97-106.

Ferguson A.R., Carbonneau M.R., Chambliss C. Effects of positive and negative music on performance of a karate drill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1994, vol.78, pp. 1217-1218.

Fry A.C., Kraimer W.J., Ramsey L.T. Pituitary adrenal gonadal Responses to high-intensity Resistance Exercise Overtraining. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998, vol.85, pp. 2352-2359.

Fukui H., & Yamashita M. The effects of music and visual stress on testosterone and cortisol in men and women. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2003, vo.24, pp. 173-80.

Gerra G.A., Zaimovic D., Franchini M., Palladino G., Giucastro N., Reali et al. Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to "techno-music": Relationships with personality trait and emotional state. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1998, vol.6, pp.28, 99

Ghaderi M., Rahimi R., Azarbayjany M.A. The Effect of Motivational and Relaxation Music on Aerobic Performance, rating ofrating ofrating ofrating of perceived exertion and Salivary Cortisol in Athlete Males. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2009, vol.1, pp. 29-38

Hirokawa E., & Ohira H. The effects of music listening after a stressful task on immune functions, neuroendocrine responses, and emotional states in college students. Journal of Music Therapy, 2003, vol.3, pp. 189-211.

Hoogeveen A.R., Zonderland M.L. Relationship between Testosteron, Cortisol and Performance in professional Cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996, vol.6, pp. 423-428.

Jing L., Xudong W. Evaluation on the effects of relaxing music on the recovery from aerobic exercise-induced fatigue. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2008, vol.48, pp. 102-6.

Karageorghis C., and Terry P.C. The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: A review. Journal of Sport Behavior, 1997, vol.20, pp. 54-68.

Karageorghis C.L., Drew K.M., Terry P.C. Effects of pretest stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1996, vol.83, pp. 1347-1352.

Karageorghis C.I., Priest D.L., Williams L.S., Hirani R.M., Lannon K.M., Bates M.J. Ergogenic and Psychological Effects of Synchronous Music During Circuit-type Exercise. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 2010, vol.5, pp. 1-9.

Karageorghis C.I., Mouzourides D.A., Priest D.L., Sasso T.A., Morrish D.J., Whalley C.L. Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 2009, vol.31, pp.18-36.

Karageorghis C.I , Terry P C , Lane A M. Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1999, vol.17, pp. 713- 724.

Khalfa S., Bella S.D., Roy M., Peretz I., Lupien S.J. Effects of relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 2003, vol.9, pp. 374-376.

Kreutz G., Bongard S., Rohrmann S., Hodapp V., Grebe D. Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol and emotional state. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 2004, vol.27, pp. 623-634.

Jing L., Xudong W. Evaluation on effects of relaxing music on the recovery from aerobic exercise-induced fatigue. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2008, vol.48, pp. 102-6.

Labbe E., Schmidt N., Babin J., Pharr M. Coping with stress: the effectiveness of different types of music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2007, vol.32, pp. 163-8.

Ladenberger L.E. Effect of music on the general feeling of persons performing monotonous work. Med Pr, 1986, vol.37, pp. 347-52.

Lee C., Clough P.J. The influence of rhythm and personality in the endurance response to motivational asynchronous music. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006, vol.24, pp. 187-195.

Makoto I., Asami K., Chie K.. Heart rate variability with repetitive exposure to music. Biological Psychology, 2005, vol.70, pp. 61-66.

Mc Mordie J. The Effect Of Music Loudness On Anaerobic Performance And Muscular Endurance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2009, vol.41, pp. 257.

Möckel M., Röcker L., Störk T., Vollert J., Danne O., Eichstädt H., et al. Immediate physiological responses of healthy volunteers to different types of music: Cardiovascular, hormonal and mental changes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1994, vol.68, pp. 451-459.

Murcia C., Bongard Q., Kreutz G. Emotional and Neurohumoral Responses to Dancing Tango Argentino. Music and Medicine, 2009, vol.1, pp. 14-21.

Nicole M., Kraritz H.L. The Besat Goes On: The Effects of Music on Exercise, IDEA Fitness Journal, 2004, Vol.4, pp. 8.

Nittono H., Tsudakai S., Nakajima Y. Tempo of back ground sound and performance speed. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2000, vol.3, pp. 11-22.

Pearce K.A. Effects of different types of music on physical strength. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1981, vol.53, pp. 351-352.

Priest D.L., Karageorghis C.I., Sharp N.C. The characteristics and effects of motivational music in exercise settings: the possible influence of gender, age, frequency of attendance, and time of attendance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2004, vol.44, pp. 77-86.

Pujol T.J., Langenfeld M.I. Influence of music on wingate Anaerobic test performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1999, vol.1, pp. 292-296.

Schneider N., Schedlowski M., Schurmeye T.H., Becker H. Stress reduction through music in patients undergoing cerebral angiography. Neuroradiology, 2001, vol.43, pp. 472-476.

Siconolfi S.F., Cullinane E.M., Carleton R.A., Thompson P.D. Assessing VO2max in epidemiologic studies: modification of the Astrand-Rhyming test. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 1982, vol.14(5), pp. 335-8.

Simpson S., Karageorghis C.I. The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2006, vol.24(10), pp. 1095-1102.

Szabo A., Small A., Leigh M. The effects of slow- and fast-rhythm classical music on progressive cycling to physical exhaustion. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 1999, vol.39, pp.220-225.

Tenenbaum G., Lidor R., Lavyan N., Morrow K., Tonnel S., Gershgoren A., Meis J., Johnson M. The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensations, Psychology, 2004, vol.5(2), pp. 89-109.

Uedo N., Ishikawa H., Morimoto K., Ishihara R., Narahara H., Kaja I., Ioka I., Tfukuda S. Reduction in salivary cortisol level by music therapy during colonoscopic examination. Hepatogastroenterology, 2004, vol.51(56), pp. 451-3.

Van Eck M., Berkhof H., Nicolson N., Sulon J. The effects of perceived stress, traits, mood states, and stressful daily events on salivary cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1996, vol.58, pp. 447-458.

Yamashita S., Iwai K., Akimoto T., Sugawara J,. Kono I. Effects of music during exercise on RPE, heart rate and the autonomic nervous system. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2006, vol.46(3), pp. 425-30.

Yamamoto T., Ohkuwa T., Itoh H., Kitoh M., Terasawa J., Tsuda T., Kitagawa S., Sato Y. Effects of Pre-exercise Listening to Slow and Fast Rhythm Music on Supra-maximal Cycle Performance and Selected Metabolic Variables. Archives of Physiology And Biochemistry, 2003, vol.111(3), pp. 211-214.

First page 162
Last page 167
Volume 12
Year 2012
doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.105477
Title of Journal Pedagogika, psihologia ta mediko-biologicni problemi fizicnogo vihovanna i sportu=PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING and SPORTS
Article PDF, full text
Journal HTML, Contents